International Journal of Gerontology
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Pages 172-182 , December 2008

Depression in Parkinson Disease: Current Understanding and Treatment

  • Pei-Hao Chen
    • ,
  • Shih-Jung Cheng

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Dr Shih-Jung Cheng, Department of Neurology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Main Branch, 92, Section 2, Chungshan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan

,Accepted 15 September 2008.

References 

  1. Samii A , Nutt JG , Ransom BR . Parkinson's disease . Lancet . 2004;363:1783–1793
  2. Reijnders JS , Ehrt U , Weber WE , Aarsland D , Leentjens AF . A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2008;23:183–189
  3. Rickards H . Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2005;76(Suppl 1):i48–i52
  4. Pålhagen SE , Carlsson M , Curman E , Wålinder J , Granérus AK . Depressive illness in Parkinson's disease—indication of a more advanced and widespread neurodegenerative process? . Acta Neurol Scand . 2008;117:295–304
  5. Carod-Artal FJ , Vargas AP , Martinez-Martin P . Determinants of quality of life in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2007;22:1408–1415
  6. Weintraub D , Moberg PJ , Duda JE , Katz IR , Stern MB . Recognition and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease . J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol . 2003;16:178–183
  7. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR . 4th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press; 2000; Text revised
  8. Zesiewicz TA , Gold M , Chari G , Hauser RA . Current issues in depression in Parkinson's disease . Am J Geriatr Psychiatry . 1999;7:110–118
  9. Richard IH . Apathy does not equal depression in Parkinson disease: why we should care . Neurology . 2006;67:10–11
  10. Hoogendijk WJ , Sommer IE , Tissingh G , Deeg DJ , Wolters EC . Depression in Parkinson's disease: the impact of symptom overlap on prevalence . Psychosomatics . 1998;39:416–421
  11. Marsh L , McDonald WM , Cummings J , Ravina B . Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression in Parkinson's disease: report of an NINDS/NIMH Work Group . Mov Disord . 2006;21:148–158
  12. McDonald WM , Richard IH , DeLong MR . Prevalence, etiology, and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease . Biol Psychiatry . 2003;54:363–375
  13. Schrag A , Barone P , Brown RG , Leentjens AF , McDonald WM , Starkstein S , et al.   Depression rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations . Mov Disord . 2007;22:1077–1092
  14. Burn DJ . Beyond the iron mask: towards better recognition and treatment of depression associated with Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2002;17:445–454
  15. Leentjens AF . Depression in Parkinson's disease: conceptual issues and clinical challenges . J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol . 2004;17:120–126
  16. Lieberman AN . Depression in Parkinson's disease . Barrow Neurol Inst Quart . 1997;3:27–33
  17. Ishihara L , Brayne C . A systematic review of depression and mental illness preceding Parkinson's disease . Acta Neurol Scand . 2006;113:211–220
  18. Mann JJ , Kapur S . A dopaminergic hypothesis of major depression . Clin Neuropharmacol . 1995;18:S57–S65
  19. Okun MS , Watts RL . Depression associated with Parkinson's disease: clinical features and treatment . Neurology . 2002;58(4 Suppl 1):S63–S70
  20. Berg D , Supprian T , Hofmann E , Zeiler B , Jager A , Lange KW , et al.   Depression in Parkinson's disease: brainstem midline alteration on transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging . J Neurol . 1999;246:1186–1193
  21. Borek LL , Chou KL , Friedman JH . Management of the behavioral aspects of Parkinson's disease . Expert Rev Neurother . 2007;7:711–725
  22. Brooks DJ , Piccini P . Imaging in Parkinson's disease: the role of monoamines in behavior . Biol Psychiatry . 2006;59:908–918
  23. Brown R , Jahanshahi M . Depression in Parkinson's disease: a psychosocial viewpoint . Adv Neurol . 1995;65:61–84
  24. Goodwin VA , Richards SH , Taylor RS , Taylor AH , Campbell JL . The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Mov Disord . 2008;23:631–640
  25. Nissinen E , Nissinen H , Larjonmaa H , Väänänen A , Helkamaa T , Reenilä I , et al.   The COMT inhibitor, entacapone, reduces levodopa-induced elevations in plasma homocysteine in healthy adult rats . J Neural Transm . 2005;112:1213–1221
  26. O'Suilleabhain PE , Sung V , Hernandez C , Lacritz L , Dewey RB , Bottiglieri T , et al.   Elevated plasma homocysteine level in patients with Parkinson disease: motor, affective, and cognitive associations . Arch Neurol . 2004;61:865–868
  27. Müller T , Kuhn W . Tolcapone decreases plasma levels of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and homocysteine in treated Parkinson's disease patients . Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 2006;62:447–450
  28. Valkovic P , Benetin J , Blazícek P , Valkovicová L , Gmitterová K , Kukumberg P . Reduced plasma homocysteine levels in levodopa/entacapone treated Parkinson patients . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2005;11:253–256
  29. Fava M , Rosenbaum JF , Kolsky AR , Alpert JE , Nierenberg AA , Spillmann M , et al.   Open study of the catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone in major depressive disorder . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 1999;19:329–335
  30. Huber TJ , Dietrich DE , Emrich HM . Possible use of amantadine in depression . Pharmacopsychiatry . 1999;32:47–55
  31. Rogóz Z , Skuza G , Daniel WA , Wójcikowski J , Dudek D , Wróbel A . Amantadine as an additive treatment in patients suffering from drug-resistant unipolar depression . Pharmacol Rep . 2007;59:778–784
  32. Aiken CB . Pramipexole in psychiatry: a systematic review of the literature . J Clin Psychiatry . 2007;68:1230–1236
  33. Corrigan MH , Denahan AQ , Wright CE , Ragual RJ , Evans DL . Comparison of pramipexole, fluoxetine, and placebo in patients with major depression . Depress Anxiety . 2000;11:58–65
  34. Cassano P , Lattanzi L , Fava M , Navari S , Battistini G , Abelli M , et al.   Ropinirole in treatment-resistant depression: a 16-week pilot study . Can J Psychiatry . 2005;50:357–360
  35. Miyasaki JM , Shannon K , Voon V , Ravina B , Kleiner-Fisman G , Anderson K , et al.   Practice parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology . Neurology . 2006;66:996–1002
  36. Mottram P , Wilson K , Strobl J . Antidepressants for depressed elderly . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2006;1: CD003491.
  37. Lemke MR . Depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease . Eur J Neurol . 2008;15:21–25
  38. Kingsbury SJ , Simpson GM . Considerations in choosing an antidepressant . Psychiatr Serv . 2001;52:1435–1436
  39. Richard IH , Kurlan R . A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson's disease . Neurology . 1997;49:1168–1170
  40. Richard IH , Maughn A , Kurlan R . Do serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants worsen Parkinson's disease? A retrospective case series . Mov Disord . 1999;14:155–157
  41. Arbouw ME , Movig KL , Neef C , Guchelaar HJ , Egberts TC . Influence of initial use of serotonergic antidepressants on antiparkinsonian drug use in levodopa-using patients . Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 2007;63:181–187
  42. Rampello L , Chiechio S , Raffaele R , Vecchio I , Nicoletti F . The SSRI, citalopram, improves bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L-dopa . Clin Neuropharmacol . 2002;25:21–24
  43. Olanow CW , Watts RL , Koller WC . An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson's disease (2001): treatment guidelines . Neurology . 2001;56(11 Suppl 5):S1–88
  44. Goetz CG , Tanner CM , Klawans HL . Bupropion in Parkinson's disease . Neurology . 1984;34:1092–1094
  45. Grandas F , López-Manzanares L . Bupropion-induced parkinsonism . Mov Disord . 2007;22:1830–1831
  46. Pact V , Giduz T . Mirtazapine treats resting tremor, essential tremor, and levodopa-induced dyskinesias . Neurology . 1999;53:1154
  47. Onofrj M , Luciano AL , Thomas A , Iacono D , D'Andreamatteo G . Mirtazapine induces REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinsonism . Neurology . 2003;60:113–115
  48. Rektorová I , Rektor I , Bares M , Dostál V , Ehler E , Fanfrdlová Z , et al.   Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study . Eur J Neurol . 2003;10:399–406
  49. Chaudhuri KR . Nocturnal symptom complex in PD and its management . Neurology . 2003;61:S17–S23
  50. Comella CL . Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease . Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep . 2003;3:173–180
  51. Kim SW , Shin IS , Kim JM , Yang SJ , Shin HY , Yoon JS . Bupropion may improve restless legs syndrome: a report of three cases . Clin Neuropharmacol . 2005;28:298–301
  52. Korczyn AD . Management of sleep problems in Parkinson's disease . J Neurol Sci . 2006;248:163–166
  53. Winge K , Skau AM , Stimpel H , Nielsen KK , Werdelin L . Prevalence of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson's disease . Neurourol Urodyn . 2006;25:116–122
  54. Barrero R , Mir P , Cayuela A , Campoy P , Pena JM , Alberca R . [Urinary symptoms and urodynamic findings in Parkinson's disease.] . Neurologia . 2007;22:93–98 [In Spanish]
  55. Zesiewicz TA , Baker MJ , Wahba M , Hauser RA . Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in Parkinson's disease . Curr Treat Options Neurol . 2003;5:149–160
  56. Malone-Lee JG , Walsh JB , Maugourd MF . Tolterodine: a safe and effective treatment for older patients with overactive bladder . J Am Geriatr Soc . 2001;49:700–705
  57. Sakakibara R , Hattori T , Uchiyama T , Suenaga T , Takahashi H , Yamanishi T , et al.   Are alpha-blockers involved in lower urinary tract dysfunction in multiple system atrophy? A comparison of prazosin and moxisylyte . J Auton Nerv Syst . 2000;79:191–195
  58. Winge K , Fowler CJ . Bladder dysfunction in Parkinsonism: mechanisms, prevalence, symptoms, and management . Mov Disord . 2006;21:737–745
  59. Roose SP . Treatment of depression in patients with heart disease . Biol Psychiatry . 2003;54:262–268
  60. Antai-Otong D . The art of prescribing. Antidepressants in late-life depression: prescribing principles . Perspect Psychiatr Care . 2006;42:149–153
  61. Serebruany VL , Glassman AH , Malinin AI , Nemeroff CB , Musselman DL , van Zyl LT , et al.   Platelet/endothelial biomarkers in depressed patients treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline after acute coronary events: the Sertraline AntiDepressant Heart Attack Randomized Trial (SADHART) Platelet Substudy . Circulation . 2003;108:939–944
  62. Silva EG , Viana MA , Quagliato EM . Pain in Parkinson's disease: analysis of 50 cases in a clinic of movement disorders . Arq Neuropsiquiatr . 2008;66:26–29
  63. Waseem S , Gwinn-Hardy K . Pain in Parkinson's disease. Common yet seldom recognized symptom is treatable . Postgrad Med . 2001;110:33–40 46.
  64. Sage JI . Pain in Parkinson's Disease . Curr Treat Options Neurol . 2004;6:191–200
  65. Brefel-Courbon C , Payoux P , Thalamas C , Ory F , Quelven I , Chollet F , et al.   Effect of levodopa on pain threshold in Parkinson's disease: a clinical and positron emission tomography study . Mov Disord . 2005;20:1557–1563
  66. Maizels M , McCarberg B . Antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs for chronic non-cancer pain . Am Fam Physician . 2005;71:483–490
  67. Reeves RR , Cox SK . Similar effects of tramadol and venlafaxine in major depressive disorder . South Med J . 2008;101:193–195
  68. Richard IH , Schiffer RB , Kurlan R . Anxiety and Parkinson's disease . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci . 1996;8:383–392
  69. Lieberman A . Depression in Parkinson's disease: a review . Acta Neurol Scand . 2006;113:1–8
  70. Sawabini KA , Watts RL . Treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease . Parkinsonism Relat Disord . 2004;10:S37–S41
  71. Walsh K , Bennett G . Parkinson's disease and anxiety . Postgrad Med J . 2001;77:89–93
  72. Barbas NR . Cognitive, affective, and psychiatric features of Parkinson's disease . Clin Geriatr Med . 2006;22:773–796
  73. Figiel G , Sadowsky C . A systematic review of the effectiveness of rivastigmine for the treatment of behavioral disturbances in dementia and other neurological disorders . Curr Med Res Opin . 2008;24:157–166
  74. Weintraub D , Comella CL , Horn S . Parkinson's disease— Part 3: Neuropsychiatric symptoms . Am J Manag Care . 2008;14(2 Suppl):S59–S69
  75. Lertxundi U , Peral J , Mora O , Domingo-Echaburu S , Martínez-Bengoechea MJ , García-Moncó JC . Antidopaminergic therapy for managing comorbidities in patients with Parkinson's disease . Am J Health Syst Pharm . 2008;65:414–419
  76. Frieling H , Hillemacher T , Ziegenbein M , Neundörfer B , Bleich S . Treating dopamimetic psychosis in Parkinson's disease: structured review and meta-analysis . Eur Neuropsychopharmacol . 2007;17:165–171
  77. Beyer PL , Palarino MY , Michalek D , Busenbark K , Koller WC . Weight change and body composition in patients with Parkinson's disease . J Am Diet Assoc . 1995;95:979–983
  78. Kashihara K . Weight loss in Parkinson's disease . J Neurol . 2006;253(Suppl 7):VII38–VII41
  79. Pålhagen S , Lorefält B , Carlsson M , Ganowiak W , Toss G , Unosson M , et al.   Does L-dopa treatment contribute to reduction in body weight in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease? . Acta Neurol Scand . 2005;111:12–20
  80. Kumru H , Santamaria J , Valldeoriola F , Marti MJ , Tolosa E . Increase in body weight after pramipexole treatment in Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2006;21:1972–1974
  81. Bachmann CG , Trenkwalder C . Body weight in patients with Parkinson's disease . Mov Disord . 2006;21:1824–1830
  82. Zimmermann U , Kraus T , Himmerich H , Schuld A , Pollmächer T . Epidemiology, implications and mechanisms underlying drug-induced weight gain in psychiatric patients . J Psychiatr Res . 2003;37:193–220
  83. Virk S , Schwartz TL , Jindal S , Nihalani N , Jones N . Psychiatric medication induced obesity: an aetiologic review . Obes Rev . 2004;5:167–170
  84. Vanina Y , Podolskaya A , Sedky K , Shahab H , Siddiqui A , Munshi F , et al.   Body weight changes associated with psychopharmacology . Psychiatr Serv . 2002;53:842–847
  85. Fava M . Weight gain and antidepressants . J Clin Psychiatry . 2000;61:37–41
  86. Driscoll HC , Karp JF , Dew MA , Reynolds CF . Getting better, getting well: understanding and managing partial and non-response to pharmacological treatment of non-psychotic major depression in old age . Drugs Aging . 2007;24:801–814
  87. Papakostas GI , Fava M , Thase ME . Treatment of SSRI-resistant depression: a meta-analysis comparing withinversus across-class switches . Biol Psychiatry . 2008;63:699–704
  88. Richard IH . Depression in Parkinson's disease . Curr Treat Options Neurol . 2000;2:263–273
  89. Veazey C , Aki SO , Cook KF , Lai EC , Kunik ME . Prevalence and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci . 2005;17:310–323
  90. Fregni F , Pascual-Leone A . Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of depression in neurologic disorders . Curr Psychiatry Rep . 2005;7:381–390

PII: S1873-9598(09)70006-7

doi: 10.1016/S1873-9598(09)70006-7

International Journal of Gerontology
Volume 2, Issue 4 , Pages 172-182 , December 2008

Article Tools